Bill Of Rights
In 1685 the English throne James 2. It is even more than its predecessor, does not take into account the realities of the time. This is evidenced by his decision to return to England in the bosom of Catholicism, ignoring the widespread dissatisfaction of almost all population. In the early 80s. XVII.
He has made removal from office of magistrates and representatives of the Whig party had taken a charter of self-government of those cities who have supported the Whigs. Domestic and foreign policy of James II differed very reactionary and focused primarily on the restoration of absolute monarchy in England. Such policies, he antagonized even the Conservative Party and the Tory gentry, who had his supported. All these actions of James II contributed to the fact that in 1688 the Tories and the Whigs came together and prepared an appeal to shtatgalteru Dutch William of Orange and James II's daughter to her husband of Mary to join the English throne. In November the same year William of Orange and his army arrived in London in February next year, came to the throne.
Occasioned thereby coup came in the history of England under nazvaniemSlavnoy revolution. Condition accession to the throne a new king was the adoption in 1689 of the Bill of Rights – the second most important constitutional act which limited the legislative power of the king, determined its relationship with parliament, the legal position and competence of the Parliament. The Bill of Rights can be divided into two parts. The first part contains material on the transfer of laws and liberties, which broke James II with officials. The second part (13 articles) contains order to restore the "ancient rights and liberties", that is, a number of important constitutional principles that have introduced the independence of Parliament from the King. Articles 1 and 2 established the supremacy of Parliament in the legislative activities and stressed that the suspension, modification and execution of laws without the consent of the king of Parliament is illegal. Article 3 announced the creation of special emergency courts without the consent of Parliament illegal. Article 4 of the Bill of Rights, pointed out that the charging of fees to the Crown without the consent of Parliament is illegal. Articles 5, 8, 9 proclaim such a bourgeois-democratic freedoms such as freedom of circulation to the king with petition, freedom of speech, debate in parliament, freedom of election of members of parliament. Article 6 establishes that the collection or maintenance of a standing army in peacetime, are possible only with the consent of Parliament. In order to ensure that laws adhered to and there was no abuse of the administration, the parliament, as mentioned in art. 13, should be convened "quite often".